Holistic Nursing is defined as all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal. (American Holistic Nurses' Association, 1998, Description of Holistic Nursing).  Holistic Nursing is further defined as practice that draws on nursing knowledge, theories, expertise and intuition to guide nurses in becoming therapeutic partners with clients in strengthening clients' response to facilitate the healing process and achieve wholeness.  The practice of Holistic Nursing is grounded in nursing theory -- fully recognizing that there are two views in the profession regarding holism (the view that defines the whole in terms of component parts -- bio-psych-social-spiritual -- believing that the whole is greater than these parts; and the view that defines the whole as an irreducible unit).  Different from other nursing practice, the practice of Holistic Nursing requires the nurse to integrate self-care and self-responsibility into his or her own life and to strive for an awareness of the interconnectedness of individuals to the human and global community. Thus, Holistic Nursing as a Specialty gives voice and a context to a specialty identified by the philosophy  and practices of the nurse

 Back to top

POSITION STATEMENT ON HOLISTIC NURSING ETHICS:

American Holistic Nurses' Association

Code of Ethics for Holistic Nurses

We believe that the fundamental responsibilities of the nurse are to promote health, facilitate healing, and alleviate suffering.  The need for nursing is universal.  Inherent in nursing is the respect for life, dignity, and the rights of all persons.  Nursing care is given a context mindful of the holistic nature of humans, understanding the body-mind-spirit.  Nursing care is unrestricted by considerations of nationality, race, creed, color, age, sex, sexual preference, politics, or social status.  Given that nurses practice in culturally diverse settings, professional nurses must have an understanding of the cultural background of clients in order to provide culturally appropriate interventions.

Nurses render services to clients who can be individuals, families, groups, or communities.  The client is an active participant in health care and should be included in all nursing care planning decisions.

To provide services to others, each nurse has a responsibility towards the client, co-workers, nursing practice, the profession of nursing, society, and the environment.

Nurses and Self

The nurse has a responsibility to model health care behaviors.  Holistic nurses strive to achieve harmony in their own lives and assist others striving to do the same.

 Nurses and the Client

The nurse's primary responsibility is to the client needing nursing care.  The nurse strives to see the client as whole and provides care that is professionally appropriate and culturally consonant.  The nurse holds in confidence all information obtained in professional practice and uses professional judgment in disclosing such information.  The nurse enters into a relationship with the client that is guided by mutual respect and a desire for growth and development.

  Nurse and Co-workers

The nurse maintains cooperative relationships with co-workers in nursing and other fields. Nurses have a responsibility to nurture each other and to assist nurses to work as a team in the interest of client care.  If a client's care is endangered by a co-worker, the nurse must take appropriate action on behalf of the client.

 Nurses and Nursing Practice

The nurse carries personal responsibility for practice and for maintaining continued

competence.  Nurses have the right to use all appropriate nursing interventions and have the obligation to determine the efficacy and safety of all nursing actions.  Wherever applicable, nurses use research findings in directing practice.

Nurses and the Profession

The nurse plays a role in determining and implementing desirable standards of nursing practice and education.  Holistic nurses may assume a leadership position to guide the profession towards holism.  Nurses support nursing research and the development of holistically oriented nursing theories.  The nurse participates in establishing and maintaining equitable social and economic working conditions in nursing.

 Nurses and Society

The nurse, along with other citizens, has the responsibility for initiating and supporting actions to meet the health and social needs of the public.

 Nurses and the Environment

The nurse strives to manipulate the client's environment to become one of peace, harmony, and nurturance so that healing may take place.  The nurse considers the health of the ecosystem in relation to the need for health, safety, and peace of all persons.

September 1992.  

�AHNA

Back to top

AHNCC'S  PROFESSIONAL CODE FOR

HOLISTIC NURSING PRACTICE

PREAMBLE

The American Holistic Nurses' Certification Corporation, Inc. ("AHNCC") is a non-profit organization that provides board certification for Holistic Nursing.  The Board is national in scope and blends both academicians and practitioners for the purpose of establishing rigorous standards that have a basis in real world practice.

Certification is offered to holistic nurses from a wide variety of practice disciplines, which meet high standards for the practice of Holistic Nursing.  To the extent that standards are rigorously adhered to, it is the aim of AHNCC to be inclusive, and not to be restrictive to any sub-specialty.

Maintenance of AHNCC certification will require adherence to AHNCC's Code of Professional Practice.  Individuals who fail to meet these requirements may be suspended or have their certification revoked.  AHNCC does not guarantee the job performance of any individual.

AHNCC does not express an opinion on the competence of or warrant the job performance of HN-BCs or AHN-BCs.  Rather, certifications constitutes recognition by AHNCC that, to its best knowledge, a AHNCC meets and adheres to certain minimum academic, preparation, professional experience, continuing education, and professional standards.

I.  ELIGIBILITY FOR CERTIFICATION OR RECERTIFICATION

As a condition of eligibility for and continued maintenance of any AHNCC certification, each candidate or certificant agrees to the following:

A.  Compliance with AHNCC Standards, Policies and Procedures

No individual is eligible to apply for or maintain Certification unless in compliance with all AHNCC rules and standards, policies and procedures, including timely payment of fees and Recertification requirements.  Each individual bears the burden for showing and maintaining compliance at all times.  AHNCC may deny, revoke, or otherwise act upon certification or Recertification when an individual is not in compliance with all AHNCC standards, policies and procedures.  Nothing provided herein shall preclude administrative requests by AHNCC for additional information to supplement or complete any application for Certification or Recertification.

B.  Complete Application    

The individual shall truthfully complete and sign an application in the form provided by AHNCC, shall provide the required fees and shall provide additional information as requested.  The individual shall notify AHNCC within sixty (60) days of occurrence of any change in name, address, telephone number, and any other facts bearing on eligibility or certification (including but not limited to: filing of any civil or criminal charge, indictment or litigation; conviction; plea of guilty; plea of nolo contendere; or disciplinary action by a licensing board or professional organization).  A candidate or certificant shall not make and shall correct immediately any statement concerning the candidate's or certificant's status which is or becomes inaccurate, untrue or misleading.

All references to "days" in AHNCC standards, policies and procedures shall mean calendar days.  Communications required by AHNCC must be transmitted by certified mail, return receipt requested or other verifiable method of delivery.  The candidate or certificant agrees to provide AHNCC with confirmation of compliance with AHNCC requirements as requested by AHNCC.

C.  Property of AHNCC

The examinations, certificates, and cards of AHNCC, the names "American Holistic Nurses' Certification Corporation, Inc.", "Holistic Nurse Certified," "Advanced Holistic Nurse Certified", the term "AHNCC," the term "HN-BC" and "AHN-BC" abbreviations relating thereto are all the exclusive property of AHNCC and may not be used in any way without the express prior written consent of AHNCC.  In case of suspension, limitation, revocation, or resignation from AHNCC or as otherwise requested by AHNCC, the individual shall immediately relinquish, refrain from using, and correct at the individual's expense any outdated or otherwise inaccurate use of any certificate, logo, emblem, and the AHNCC name and related abbreviations.  If the individual refuses to relinquish immediately, refrain from using and correct at his or her expense any misuse or misleading use of any of the above items when requested, the individual agrees that AHNCC shall be entitled to obtain all relief permitted by law.

D.  Pending Litigation

Candidates and currently certified individuals must notify AHNCC of any indictment or charge pending before a state or federal regulatory agency or judicial body directly relating to AHNCC (including civil AHNCC actions), or a matter described in Section III, 1-13 within sixty (60) days of such charge and shall provide documentation of the resolution of such charge within sixty (60) days of resolution.

E.  Criminal Convictions

An individual convicted of a felony directly related to AHNCC shall be ineligible to apply for certification or recertification for a period of FIVE (5) years from the exhaustion of appeals or final release from confinement (if any), whichever is later.  Convictions of this nature include but are not limited to felonies involving rape or sexual abuse of a patient or child, and actual or threatened use of a weapon.

II.  SCORE REPORTS

The AHNCC is concerned with reporting only valid scores.  On rare occasions, misconduct or circumstances beyond the individual's control may render a score invalid.  If doubts are raised about a score because of these or other circumstances, all individuals are expected to cooperate in any AHNCC investigation.  AHNCC reserves the right to cancel any examination score if, in the sole opinion of AHNCC, there is adequate reason to question its validity.  AHNCC in its discretion will (i) offer the individual an opportunity to take the examination again at no additional fee, or (ii) proceed as described below.

III.  APPLICATION AND CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

AHNCC may revoke or otherwise take action with regard to the application or certification of a candidate or certificant in the case of:

IV.  ESTABLISHMENT OF SPECIAL STANDARDS REVIEW AND STANDARDS HEARING COMMITTEES

V.  REVIEW AND APPEAL PROCEDURES

Failure to pay fees, failure to submit required information, and failure to meet deadlines shall all be determined by the AHNCC National Office.  The National Office shall send a notice to the affected certificant, allowing an opportunity to respond within 20 calendar days to the determination by the National Office.  If no response is received or if no evidence is submitted showing timely compliance by the certificant, the National Office may revoke certification, without further opportunity for the certificant to appeal except as set forth in XII, herein.  In all other circumstances, the following procedures shall apply:

VI.  SANCTIONS  

Sanctions for violation of any AHNCC standard set forth herein or any other AHNCC standard, policy or procedure may include one or more of:  

VII.  SUMMARY PROCEDURE

Whenever the Chair determines that there is cause to believe that a threat of immediate and irreparable relationship with AHNCC exists, the Chair shall forward the allegations to the AHNCC Board.  The Board shall review the matter immediately, and provide telephonic or other expedited notice and review procedure to the candidate or certificant.  Following such notice and opportunity by the individual to be heard, if the Board determines that a threat of immediate and irreparable injury to the public exists, certification may be suspended for up to ninety (90) days pending a full review as provided herein.

VIII.  RELEASE OF INFORMATION

Each applicant and certificant agrees to cooperate promptly and fully in any review of eligibility or certification status, including submitting such documents and information deemed necessary to confirm the information in the application.  The individual candidate or certificant agrees that AHNCC and its officers, directors, committee members, employees, agents and others may communicate any and all information relating to AHNCC application, certification and review thereof including but not limited to pendency or outcome of disciplinary proceedings to state and federal authorities, licensing boards, employers, other certificants, and others.

IX.  WAIVER

The individual releases, discharges and exonerates, and hereby indemnifies and holds harmless AHNCC, its officers, directors, employees, committee members, panel members and agents, and any other persons from and against all claims, damages, losses and expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees, for actions of AHNCC arising out of applicant's application for or participation in the AHNCC program and use of the AHNCC certification mark or other reference to the AHNCC program, including but not limited to the furnishing or inspection of documents, records and other information and  any investigation and review of application or certification made by AHNCC.

X.  RECONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY AND REINSTATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION

If eligibility or certification is denied or revoked, eligibility or certification may be reconsidered on the following basis:

1.         in the event of a felony conviction directly related to AHNCC no earlier than five (5) years from the exhaustion of appeals or release from confinement, whichever is later;

2.         in any other event, no earlier than three (3) years from the final decision of  ineligibility or revocation.

In addition to other facts required by AHNCC, such an individual must fully set forth the circumstances of the decision denying eligibility or revoking certification as well as all relevant facts and circumstances since the decision relevant to the application.  When eligibility has been denied because of felony conviction, the individual bears the burden of demonstrating by clear and convincing evidence that the individual has been rehabilitated and does not pose a danger to others.

XI.  SUBMISSION OF INFORMATION TO AHNCC CONCERNING POSSIBLE  VIOLATION OF STANDARDS

Persons concerned with possible violation of AHNCC standards should identify the persons alleged to be involved and the facts concerning the alleged conduct in as much detail and specificity as possible with available documentation in a written statement addressed to the Chair.  The statement should identify by name, address and telephone number the person making the information known to the AHNCC and should identify others who may have knowledge of the facts and circumstances concerning the alleged conduct.  Supplementation relating to the content or form of the information may be requested.

XII.  DEADLINES

As a rule, AHNCC expects its certificants to meet all deadlines imposed by AHNCC, especially in regard to submission of fees, recertification applications, required evidence of continuing education, and sitting for its examinations.  On rare occasion, circumstances beyond the control of the candidate or certificant or other extraordinary conditions may render it difficult, if not impossible, for the certificant to meet  the  AHNCC's deadlines.  Should an individual wish to make appeal of a missed deadline, the certificant should transmit a written explanation and make request for a reasonable extension of the missed deadline, with full relevant supporting documentation, to AHNCC's national office, to the attention of the AHNCC Board of Directors.  The Board of Directors will determine at the next meeting of the Board, in its sole discretion and on a case-by-case basis what, if any recourse, should be afforded to such individuals based on the circumstances described and the overall impact on AHNCC.  No other procedures shall be afforded to individuals who fail to meet AHNCC deadlines.

XIII.  BIAS, PREJUDICE, IMPARTIALITY

At all times during AHNCC's handling of the matter, AHNCC must extend impartial review.  If at any time during AHNCC's review of a matter a candidate, certificant, or other person identifies a situation where the judgment of a reviewer may be biased, prejudiced or impartiality may be compromised, (including employment with a competing organization) the individual is required to report such matter to the AHNCC Chair immediately.  

  Back to top

PROPOSAL FOR THE DESIGNATION OF HOLISTIC NURSING

AS A NURSING SPECIALTY

Approved by AHNA, January 2004

Criteria for Designation taken from ANA Designation of a Specialty, Approval of Scope Statements and Acknowledgment of Nursing Practice Standards, 2004

_________________________________________________________     

1.  The specialty is clearly defined.

Holistic Nursing is defines as �all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal.� (American Holistic Nurses� Association, 1998, Description of Holistic Nursing).  Holistic Nursing is further defined as practice that draws on nursing knowledge, theories, expertise and intuition to guide nurses in becoming therapeutic partners with clients in strengthening clients� response to facilitate the healing process and achieve wholeness.  The practice of Holistic Nursing is grounded in nursing theory -- fully recognizing that there are two views in the profession regarding holism (the view that defines the whole in terms of component parts -- bio-psych-social-spiritual -- believing that the whole is greater than these parts; and the view that defines the whole as an irreducible unit).  Different from other nursing practice, the practice of Holistic Nursing requires the nurse to integrate self-care and self-responsibility into his or her own life and to strive for an awareness of the interconnectedness of individuals to the human and global community. Thus,  Holistic Nursing as a specialty gives voice and a context to a specialty identified by the philosophy and practices of the nurse.

Holistic nurses are committed to care that recognizes the body-mind-spirit connection of the human being.  Therefore, holistic nurses take care to create an environment conducive to healing and focus care on interventions that promote peace, comfort and a subjective sense of harmony for the client.  Certification in complementary modalities is encouraged and a common part of Holistic Nursing practice.  Modalities frequently used include the following interventions listed in the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC): art therapy, acupressure, animal-assisted therapy, music therapy, therapeutic touch (or other energy-based modalities -- e.g. healing touch techniques), guided imagery, massage, and relaxation therapy.  Interventions frequently employed in Holistic Nursing practice include: anxiety reduction, calming technique, emotional support, exercise promotion, patient contracting, resiliency promotion, forgiveness facilitation, hope installation, presence, journaling, counseling, cognitive therapy, and spiritual support.  In relation to the nursing intervention of environmental management, Holistic Nursing also requires the nurse to understand the phenomenon of nurse creating an environment conducive to healing.   

In some sense, all nursing practice can be holistic -- that is, all nursing practice may have healing the whole person as its goal.  What makes Holistic Nursing practice a specialty is that there is a body of knowledge and an advanced set of nursing skills applied to practice that go beyond that which is learned at a basic level of practice. The modalities and interventions of Holistic Nursing are well within the legal scope of nursing practice; the nurse with a knowledge/skill set to practice Holistic Nursing using the modalities/interventions described above has developed a specialty in the field and can be distinguished from the nurse who is not a Holistic Nursing specialist.

(The full text of the official AHNA Description of Holistic Nursing is presented in Appendix A).

2.  The specialty subscribes to the overall purposes and functions of nursing.

Holistic Nursing is consistent with the ANA Social Policy Statement of 2003 -- particularly in the component of the definition of nursing that states: nursing is �the provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing (ANA, Social Policy Statement, 2003, p.3).  Further, Holistic Nursing subscribes completely  to the values and assumptions of Nursing:    

                                    (ANA Social Policy Statement, 2003, p.3).

Holistic Nursing emphasizes that human experiences are subjectively described and that health/illness is determined by the view of the individual.

3.  The specialty defines itself as Nursing .

While there a numerous holistic healers and practitioners in the U.S., Holistic Nursing distinguishes itself from these in that it is defined as nursing.  Holistic nurses believe that nursing brings a unique perspective to holistic, alternative, and complementary care.  Holistic Nursing is grounded in nursing knowledge and skill and guided by nursing theory.  While each holistic nurse chooses which nursing theory to apply in any individual case, the nursing theories of Jean Watson (the Theory of Transpersonal Caring), Helen Erickson (Modeling and Role-Modeling),   Martha Rogers (the Science of Unitary Human Beings), Margaret Newman the (Health as Expanding Consciousness) and Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (Theory of Human Becoming) are most frequently used to support Holistic Nursing practice.

4.  The specialty adheres to the overall licensure requirement of the profession.

Any person practicing Holistic Nursing as a specialty must hold a license as a Registered Professional Nurse from a State Board of Nursing or appropriate body, and must maintain practice within the scope of practice as defined by state licensing agencies.

5.  The specialty is national or international in scope.

The American Holistic Nurses� Association was formed in 1980 to recognize the national efforts of nurses who were committed to the practice of Holistic Nursing.  The organization now has approximately 2500 members.  There are nurses actively engaged in the practice of Holistic Nursing in every state of the U.S.  Further, the practice of Holistic Nursing is supported in other countries by similar organizations, including  the Australian Holistic Nurses�s Association, the British Holistic Nurses� Association, the Canadian Holistic Nurses� Association, and the New Zealand Holistic Nurses� Association.   Members of the AHNA have been contacted by and have contacted holistic nurses in Japan, Mexico, India, and China as well.

6.  The specialty can identify a need and demand for itself.    

The American public has demanded health care that is compassionate, kind, and grounded in holistic ideals.  Very likely, for this reason, the American public has pursued alternative and complementary care at an ever increasing rate.  In 1993 David Eisenberg and colleagues published a now classic study that indicated that one-third of Americans were using some form of alternative or complementary form of medicine.  Their continued work on use of alternative/complementary care in 1998 indicates that the use of such modalities not only continued, but increased particularly among specified patient populations (Eisenberg, et.al, 1998).  In the early 1990s the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) was established at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by an Act of Congress.  The OAM was viewed as a congressional effort to support �grass-roots� activities throughout the U.S.  Americans were interested in alternative/complementary practices, the NIH needed some means of evaluating their safety and relevance in treatment. In 1999, the OAM has expanded and is now the National Center for Alternative and Complementary Medicine.  Interest on the part of health care professionals has grown to the point where, today in 2003 a search of the PubMed database indicated that there have been 2667 articles published on the topic in the past three years, and a search of the CINHAL database resulted in over 9994 articles for the same time period, with over 300 of them in core nursing journals. 

A need for health care providers who have knowledge and skill in alternative/complementary modalities is a critical need for Americans.  Holistic nurses are the professionals who have knowledge of a wide range of complementary modalities as well. While holistic nurses may be employed in any area of nursing, reports from those who identify as holistic nurses and graduates of MSN programs in Holistic Nursing indicate that holistic nurses may to be over-represented  in oncology and hospice care, palliative care, women�s health and primary care, pain clinics, wellness clinics/community health promotion endeavors, and independent practice.

Holistic nurses have practices that enjoy ever-increasing popularity among clients.  Schools of nursing that offer graduate programs in Holistic Nursing have a stable or growing number of applicants.  There are currently five graduate program in Nursing that provide an MSN with a specialty in Holistic Nursing and there are: The University of New Rochelle, New York University, Tennessee State University, the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, and the Dominican College of San Rafael.   In addition there are numerous continuing educational offerings in Holistic Nursing care and a number of certificate programs focusing on modalities and on the essence of holism. 

7.  The specialty has a well-documented knowledge base particular to the practice of the specialty.

The knowledge base for Holistic Nursing practice is outlined in the Core Curriculum for Holistic Nursing (Aspen, 1997, edited by Barbara Dossey).  Additional sources to document the knowledge of this speciality include the book Holistic Nursing: a Handbook for Practice, by L. Keegan, B. Dossey and C. Guzzetta now being revised for its 4^th edition, and the presence of two peer reviewed journals devoted to the subject: The Journal of Holistic Nursing, and Holistic Nursing Practice.

8.  The specialty is organized and represented by a national specialty organization.

The American Holistic Nurses� Association is the organization that represents Holistic Nursing .  The organization was founded in 1980, and now has a membership of approximately 2500.  To promote research and scholarship in the field, the AHNA publishes the quarterly journal the Journal of Holistic Nursing (published through Sage Publishers).  Since 1990, the organization has provided an annual, competitive research award to advance the knowledge of Holistic Nursing.  The organization is lead by a Leadership Council, elected by the membership.  Over the years, the Leadership Council has sent representatives to other nursing organizations that have included NOLF, NFNSO, NANDA,  and now participates in NOA. .

9.  The specialty is concerned with phenomena within the discipline of nursing.

Based on a 10 year review of published research in the field of Holistic Nursing, the phenomena of concern to Holistic Nursing includes the caring relationship, the subjective client experience of illness, the folk practices of health, spirituality in nursing care, and the evaluation of alternative and/or complementary modalities used in nursing practice.(Dossey, 2000, Introduction,  to the Standards of Holistic Nursing Practice With Guidelines for Caring and Healing - Frisch, Dossey, Guzzetta & Quinn ).  Further, research that advances the work of Holistic Nursing theories (Watson, Erickson, Rogers, Newman and Parse) helps to build the knowledge base of nursing and advance nursing science of holism.

10.  The specialty has defined competencies for the area of specialty practice.

Competencies for practice are defined in the Standards of Holistic Nursing Practice.  The AHNA has Standards at both the basic and advance practice level and tables listing these standards are attached to this proposal. (Appendix B)

11.  The specialty has existing mechanisms for supporting, reviewing, and disseminating research to support its knowledge based.

Holistic Nursing research is conducted at major health centers and schools of nursing through the country.  While results of research are published in nearly all scholarly nursing journals, there are two major journals exclusively devoted to the specialty: The Journal of Holistic Nursing (Sage Publishers) and Holistic Nursing Practice (Aspen Publishers).  Both of these journals are peer-reviewed. In addition, the US Library of Congress lists 68 books under the heading of Holistic Nursing.

12.  The specialty has academic educational programs which may grant a graduate degree and which prepare nurses in the specialty.

As stated earlier in this proposal, there are five graduate programs in the US that prepare MSNs with a specialty in Holistic Nursing.  Additionally, there a many schools of nursing offering both graduate and undergraduate courses in �Holistic Nursing�.

13.  The specialty has continuing education programs or continuing competence mechanism which prepare nurses in the specialty.

AHNA is a provided and approver of continuing education, recognized by the ANCC.  Continuing educational programs, workshops and lectures in Holistic Nursing have been popular nationwide, with AHNA or other bodies granting continuing education units.

Competency mechanisms for evaluating Holistic Nursing practice as a specialty exits through a certification process overseen by the American Holistic Nursing Certification Committee (AHNCC).   The process for initial certification includes a formal qualitative review of an applicant�s portfolio documenting the practice of Holistic Nursing, and a quantitative certification exam that was developed jointly by the AHNA and the NLN testing office.  Recertification is completed by documentation of continuing education in Holistic Nursing.  Further, the AHNCC provides endorsement for schools of nursing meeting the standards of Holistic Nursing practice, such that their graduates may sit for the certification exam without providing a portfolio.  Information on AHNCC is provided in Appendix C.  Currently, AHNCC is developing a certification examination at the advanced level of Holistic Nursing practic.e

14.  The specialty includes a substantial number of nurses who devote most of their practice to the specialty.

AHNA has approximately 2500 members who devote most of their practice to the specialty.  Further, nurses who may not belong to AHNA but who base their practice on a clearly articulated Holistic Nursing theory are practicing in the specialty as well.  This includes nurses who are members of groups such as the International Society on Caring, the Society of Rogerian Scholars, the Society for the Advancement of Modeling and Role-Modeling, and Parse�s Scholars.  

  Back to top

References:

AHNA.  (1998).  Description of Holistic Nursing.  Flagstaff, AZ:  Author.

ANA.  (2003).  Nursing�s Social Policy Statement, 2^nd Education.  Washington, DC: Author.

Dossey, B.   (1997).  Core Curriculum for Holistic Nursing.  Gaithersberg, MD:  Aspen.

Dossey, B. et al.  (2000).  Holistic Nursing, a handbook for practice. 3^rd edition.  Gaithersberg, MD:  Aspen.  

Frisch, N. et al.  (2000).  AHNA Standards of Holistic Nursing Practice with guidelines for caring and healing.  Gaithersburg, MD:  Aspen.

  Back to top